Writing 6

Networking

In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies and procedures related to the network.

First, So you want to set up a computer network. Right here, we have two of my computers Macbook and PC here.And they both have Ethernet ports but where do connect them to. What I need is something like this a router. Now , a router has a bunch of ports in  the back that I can connect to  multiple computers, and it also works wireless.So I can connect them with cables. A router, you can connect Macs and PCs on combined network.

        Then, These networking devices that filter traffic are called connectivity devices and they are         several different types.

   Bridge – bridge is connectivity device that forward data based  on physical address and operate at      the network access layer in the TCP/IP

   Hub – Hub is typically do not filter data , but instead incoming data packets or frames to all parts.

   Switch – A switch simplified is a smarter version of a hub

   Router – Routers are an essential part of any TCP/IP network that would be the IP addresses.

      Next, Networking types - This lesson is about most famous connection type and advantages

1.      WAN (wide area network )

Much larger than other connection types , example : whole world and it includes of the LANs and WAN

2.      MAN (metropolitian area network)

MANs connect two or more local area networks or campus area networks by connecting routers, switches and hubs (will be defined in hardware section), within the area of a single town or city.It includes mini network such as  LAN and PAN

3.      LAN (local area network )

A LAN may be either wired or wireless and is a computer network that covers a fairly small area, such as a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a library or airport.It shows higher speed than other for sharing data resources

4.      PAN (personal area network )

A PAN is a computer network used to connect devices that are close to someone's person.Its advantage is for example you can share photos computer devices ,watch your TV from your home

5.      PN (private network )

With this network any person or company connect to each other without internet and without easily their datas of internet.

          So, think of a topology network's virtual shape in structure and computers are a home network be arranges in a circle in a family room other rooms. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types.bus,ring,star,tree,wesh topologies. Topology remains an important part of network design they .You can probably build a home or small business computer network without understanding the differance between a bus design and star design  but becoming familiar with the standart topologies gives you a better understanding of impotant networking concept like hubs,broadcats and routers

        After that, Networking problem

First step – Nerwork adapter is properly installed and directed by the computer with no conflies.

Second – wired network verify that the network cable is properly connected and make sure the LED’s next to the jack are properly illuminated.

Wireless network if you’re using laptop with a wireless network , just look for the laptops  WiFi botton and make sure it is turned on.

       Conclusion, Networking is a process that fosters the exchange of information and ideas among individuals or groups that share common interests.When your networking is driven by shared interests, it will feel more authentic. As you can see there are many different types of computer networks in the world today. The options range from the wired to wireless to a network that only extend to a 20-30 foot radius to a network that could span accross an entire nation. Networks enable you to print an file when you are in a completely different room from your printer or to email a freind or family member in another state. The technology we have today is truly amazing and will only continue to grow and connect people from all over the world. So next time you e-mail a long-lost freind who is miles away you can thank computer networking for making it possible.

Writing 5

Operating System

Now, I’m going to explain the basics off an operating system. This is an interface between a computer user and hardware.It is very important as it works as a middleman making sure both hardware and software correctly.Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2 and Windows, but others are availbale, such as Linux.

     First, The basic unit of software that the operating system deals with in scheduling the work done by the processor is either a process or a thread , depending on the operating system.It is processes rather than applications, that the operating system controls and schedules for execution by the CPU. In a single –tasking system, the schedule is straight forward.The operating system allows the application to begin running, suspending the execudion only long enough to deal with internepts and user input process management is an integral part of any modern day operating system the  OSmust allocate resources the processes, enable processes to share and exchange information product the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among process. To meet these requirement is the as must  mountain a data structure for each process, which describes the state and resource ownership of that process, and which enables the OS to exert  control over each process.

Next, Popular operating systems

The three most popular types of operating systems for personal and businesses computing include Linux, windows and Mac

·       Linux operating systems

Linux is a freely distributed open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds and it is based on Unix.

·        Mac Operating Systems

Mac OS is official name of the Apple Macintosh operating system. Mac OS features a graphical         user interface (GUI) that utilizies windows, icons and all applications that run on a Macintosh             computer have a similar user interface.

·         Windows operating system

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems for personal and business computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, offering a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking and support many peripheral devices

Then, There are four  essential managers of every OS and they all work together like team to get jobs completed. An operating system is simple term it’s chief program that manages all of the hardware and software . It is works as their bass and makes sure they are all working in harmony.

1.   Memory management is the function that controlling and coordinating memory location and either allocated or free blocks to various programms to optimize overall system performance. There are 4 types of technique ways to manage memory.

1.      Single contiguous allocation

2.      Partitioned allocation

3.      Paged memory management

4.      Segmented memory management

All this techniques has their own advantages on their own. In hardware memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM (Random Access Memory ), VRAM (Virtual RAM), GRAM (Graphical RAM), chips, memory caches and flash based SSDs (Solid Star Drives)

2.    Device manager is control panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating systems it allows users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer. Hardware devices typically provide the ability to input data into the computer output data from the computer. Device manager is a feature of Microsoft Windows that detects and lists hardware devices and their status information. Device Manager is available in Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000, 2003, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.Device management does the following activities for device manager.Keeps track of all devices, decides which process gets the device allocates way, de-allocated device. Device manager important to make sure it’s well designed.

3.    A file manager or file browser is a computer program that providers a user interface to  and folders.It has limited capalities and is designed to manage individual or group files, such as special office documents and records. A file management sustems is also known as a file manager.File manager is a software program that helps a user manage all the files on their computer.For example, all the managers allow the user to view, edit, copy and delete the files on their computer.

4. Network management is the process of administering and managing the computer networks of one or many organisations. Various services provided by network managers include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of network and network devices.

5.     The Process manager  is an integral part of any modern-day operating system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among processes.

Ø    

Finally, Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs called application programs, can run. It is very important as it works as a middleman making sure both hardware and software correctly. Without an operating system, a computer useless.

Vocabulary (Reading 4)

Across – нөгөө талд , хөндлөн, цаана , цаад талд , дээгүүрх , зөрүүлэн , хөндлөнгөөр

Advantage –давуу тал , илүү байх , далимдуулах , боломж , ашиг ,хонжоо

Analog - аналог

Assist -  туслах , дэмжлэг үзүүлэх , тус хүргэх , нөлөөлөх ,байлцах , оролцох

Assistive – туслах , дэмжих

Augmentative – нэмэгдэж байгаа , өсөж байгаа , ихсэж байгаа

Broad - өргөн , ерөнхий , тод , уудам , зайтай , мэдээжийн , чөлөөтэй,хэтэрхий

Business - ажил хэрэг , бизнес , пүүс , худалдаа

Carrier - зөөвөрлөгч , тээгч , зууч , зарлага , дамжуулах хоолой , чингэлэг

Clear - тод тодорхой , цэвэрхэн , тээглэх юмгүй , ойлгомжтой , тунгалаг

Compared - харьцуулахад , бодвол , сарынхаас

Conventional - ердийн , эелдэг , боловсон , тогтсон , тусгайлсан , тохирсны дагуу

Conversation - харилцан яриа , ярилцлага , албан бус хэлцээ

Convey - хүргэх , зөөвөрлөх , илэрхийлэх , дамжуулах , мэдэгдэх

Cost – үнэ өртөг , зардал , төлбөр , золиос

Coverage - цацах , хэвлэлд мэдээлэх , өргөнөөр тусгах , ажиглалтын хүрээ

Dangerous - аюултай , осолтой , аймшигтай

Data - мэдээлэл , өгөгдөл

Demodulator - демодулятор

Digitally - хуруугаараа , тоон хэлбэрээр

Discounted - хөнгөлөлттэй , хямдруулсан

Distance - хөндий байдал , зай , хоорондын зай

Earth - газар , хөрс , шороо

Efficiently - үр бүтээлтэй

Elaborate - нарийн , нягт , нямбай

Eliminating - арилгах

Enable - боломж олгох , эрх олгох

Environment - байгаль орчин

Equip - тоноглох , бүхнийг өгөх

Establish - тогтоох , үндэслэх , бий болгох , байгуулах

Free - хамааралгүй , эрх чөлөөтэй , сул байгаа

Function - үүрэг , үйл ажиллагаа, функц , зориулалт

Idea - санаа бодол , санаа зорилго

Important - чухал , чамирхсан

Incoming - ирж буй , орох , ирэх , нэмэгдэж байгаа

Increase - өсөлт , өсөн нэмэгдэлт , үржилт , ихсэлт

International - олон улсын

Involve - оролцуулах , хамрах

Link - холбоо , нэгж , барилдлага

Local - орон нутгийн , тэрүүхэн тэнд , газар дээрх , хязгаарлагдмал

Locate - байрлах , байршлыг тодорхойлох

Loss - алдагдал , хохирол

Low - нам доогуур , доод , бага , хэмжээнээс доогуур

Market - зах зээл , борлуулалт , худалдаанд байх

Mobile - хөдөлгөөнт , тогтмол бус

Modulate - солигдох

Modulator -модулятор

Moving - хөдөлгөөнт , хөдөлгөгч , шилжих

Normal - хэвийн , ердийн , энгийн

Opinion - санал бодол , итгэл үнэмшил

Orbit - тойрог зам            

Rotate - эргүүлэх , ээлжлэх , эргэлдэх

Outgoing - нийтэч , бүрэн эрхийн , хөдөлж байгаа

Possible – боломжтой , хэрэгжиж болох

Potential - чадалтай , бололцоотой

Professional - мэргэжлийн , мэргэжилтэн

Provide - өгөх бэлдэх , хангах олох

Quality - чанар , чанартай , давуу тал

Rate - хурд , хэмжээ , үнэ , тариф , үзэх

Redirect - дахин чиглүүлэх

Refer - илгээх , явуулах

Satellite - хиймэл дагуул , бүлгийн гишүүн

Simply - энгийн

Sound - дуу , усны гүнийг хэмжих

Space - сансар , огторгуй , хэмжээ , эзэлхүүн , зай завсар

Station - буудал , зогсоол , байрлал

Transmission - дамжуулалт , явуулах илгээх , тархах

User - хэрэглэгч , ашиглагч үйлчлүүлэгч

Various - өөр өөр , янз бүрийн , ялгаатай , тус тусдаа

Versatility - тал бүрийн мэдлэг , олон талт байдал , хөрвөх адвар

Voice - хоолой , дуу авиа , утсан холбоо 

Writing 4

A lot of people say about the effects of technology and communication.

Do you agree or disagree?

           It is true,that technology in recent years has altered the path that people communicate with each other. There are many ways that technology affects our relationships, and in my opinion, this is a beneficial development.Technology such as email, Facebook, Twitter, My Space, YouTube, Instagram and many other sites are all amazing tools that have the intent to bring inter-connectedness around the world. Everything has two sides, and the ‘effects of technology on people’s relationship’ is not an exception.

            In ancient times, people used letters and telegrams to interact with each other. With the advent of modern communication systems like telephone and the Internet, people can collaborate more effectively. To begin with, the most obvious transformation in people relationships is how they communicate with each other. By this, I mean that the Internet has converted the world into a small village and nowadays people around the world can reach each other easily and rapidly. For example, a friend who lives in the UK can chat and talk with their friends in china using a mobile phone or social network and we can interact through emails rather than letter and businessman can have online meetings through the conference calls.

            On the other hand, many people believe that technological aspects are affecting individual relationship badly. They opine that, if we did not have these kinds of technology, we would have been visiting each other regularly.

            Not only that, but individuals will not be isolated from each other, especially those who are addicted to using social networking platforms.  As a matter of fact, people become talking to each other in face-to-face method rarely. In particular, people’s personalities are changing so much, because of addiction in using Facebook. It’s one of the vital reasons to decrease confidence and self-esteem.

               Everything has two sides of advantage and disadvantage.In many positive ways, the technology has affected the relationships between people and I would say these are positive developments. Imagine without technology, what would happen to the people and the world. In many ways, we are getting the help of using technology. 

              After all, in my viewpoint, humankind can eventually address this issue in favour of his civilisation. Hence, I assume it as a mainly positive development in the long run.

Writing 3

 What effect does moving away from computers and towards tablets and smartphones have on how we browse the internet ?

              The technology has growing up day by day.Peoples requirement,too.The peoples are always want to new one.Always doing reconstruct,develop and innovate.Smartphones and tablets are obviously the very usefulness technology products right now.It has also true and false side.Global experts are now predicting that smartphones and tablets will increasingly replace desktop and laptop PCs.A few years later,your smartphone could be your only computer.Here’s an excerpt:

            With each passing season,another wave of mobile device is released that’s more capable and more powerful than the generation preceding it.We’re at the point where anyone armed with a current model smartphone or tablet is able to handle almost all of their at home and even at work tasks without needing anything else.

            For the vast majority of consumers worldwide, the primary computing and online experience will be on mobile devices. That means nearly every service, business, and (really) person who wants to use the Internet will be thinking mobile first and PC second, if they think about PCs at all.

            In addition,computer can use install many useful programs,but sizable and moving someplace labored.Also,smartphones addmisible the size and easy to use as well as tablets will can do computer of processing.

            On the other hand,We’ll still need to improve in two areas: network connectivity and contant storage.Connectivity in particular as more people shift from broadcast TV and stream on mobile devices,it could create a bottleneck in cellular networks,but maybe content storage less,so since cloud base storage is already increasingly becoming a necessary part of our workflows.

            Finally,almost all people using the smartphone and tablets. Many people also use that more than the computer.Some people have declared that the desktop computer is finished. It has also true and false side.With a monitor and a Bluetooth keyboard at work, or streaming over WiFi to a TV set at home, in a few years there’s no real reason why, for the vast majority of us,a smartphone couldn’t handle all our daily computing needs.So,we should be very careful about using them appropriately.

Writing 2

People use the computers when they work, go banking and, but somebody argue that it will make the people isolate and decrease social skills. To what extend do you agree or disagree. 

With the development of society and technology, computer is one of the greatest inventions during 20th century. It brings convenience to people and makes the daily tasks easier. In comparison, the opposites argue that computer gives a certain level of impacts on people. This essay will explore both sides of the argument and present my perspective.In this modernised society, computer plays a relatively mandatory role as its advantages help people to achieve a more comfortable living standard. First, it brings great convenience to people’s work and live. For example, a variety of computer softwares, such as Microsoft Office assist people with numerous work tasks. It simplifies the work procedures and files all fragmentary documents. Besides, computer enhances time efficiency, for instance people can use e-banking to handle enormous payments and transactions in one time. It saves much valuable and precious time from lining up in a bank.
On the other hand, many arguments arouse to against the use of computer because computer has detrimental influence on one’s social skill. In nowadays workplace, people usually contact their colleagues in non-verbal way, like email or fax. It reduces the opportunity to communicate with each other face to face. Therefore, social interaction would be underdeveloped and limited. Moreover, one’s interpersonal skill will be harmed because of excessive self-centredness and inflexibility. Since some people spend too much time on the computer, they would be easier addicted in its virtual world. As a consequent, it eradicates the time to get along with their family. Inadequate communication with family members may worse the relationship and the gap among each other may be even wider.
To sum up, although computer provides tremendous benefits to people’s works and daily live, it is inevitable deteriorating one’s sociable skill and make the person being isolated by his friends and family. Therefore, I deem that people should not be heavily dependent on computer, but rather spend more time to communicate with their family and colleagues.

Writing 1

UK telephone calls by category 1995-2002    
                            
               Hello,I want to talk to you about UK telephone calls by category 1995 and 2002.We live in the century of information.Communications equipment was a increase day by day.
              This bar chart illustrates UK telephone calls in since 1995.And that telephone calls including 3 other call type.That call types name is local fixed line,national and international fixed line and then mobiles.Surprisingly , one minute including measured few billion calls.In 1995 ,we can see that mobile calls very low.
               Next, in 2002 that result replaced.Because mobile calls revulsion increase and reached.However,international and national telephone calls continual to grow.And local fixed line telephone calls very little to increase and rearwards decrease.
               In 1999, local fixed line telephone calls reached 90 billion calls in 1 minute , but since then continual dropped.In my opinion ,these results depend usage in human.Nowadays, peoples are often usage mobile phone.
               Finally , therefore from the bar chart results will continue to local fixed line telephone calls often decrease and mobile phone calls always grow up in the future.